摘要：生态碳汇是实现“双碳”目标不可或缺且具有成本优势的碳移除手段，其在全球气候治理中的作用逐渐受到各国政府的重视，各国相继出台相关支持政策。本文对中国和美国、欧盟、日本、新西兰等发达国家的碳汇政策进行了梳理和对比，发现提升生态碳汇能力和贡献的措施包括保护、管理和恢复生态系统等供给端措施，以及扩大对木质林产品需求等需求端措施。欧美日新等发达国家侧重于成本分担的管理恢复措施和需求端措施，而中国侧重于以中央投资的大规模生态工程为主的保护和恢复措施，在管理和需求端措施方面有较大的增汇潜力。此外，中国碳市场中的生态碳汇项目虽然在开发形式上处于世界领先水平，但也面临方法学有待改进、开发成本高风险大、政策支持不足等挑战。本文提出了提升中国生态碳汇贡献的政策建议，包括扩大增汇路径、加大对管理和需求端措施的政策支持力度以及改进生态碳汇项目的方法学和开发技术等。
关键词：生态碳汇；基于自然的解决方案；碳市场；气候变化
The Comparison of Domestic and International Experiences in Enhancing Ecological Carbon Sink Contributions
Guan Bozhu, Xu Jintao
Abstract: Ecosystem carbon sinks are an indispensable and cost-effective means of carbon removal to achieve the carbon neutrality. Their role in global climate governance is increasingly recognized by governments worldwide, and countries have successively introduced relevant support policies. This paper reviews and compares carbon sink policies in China, the United States, the European Union, Japan, New Zealand, and finds that measures to enhance ecosystem carbon sinks include supply-side actions such as protecting, managing, and restoring ecosystems, as well as demand-side actions such as expanding the consumption for new wood products and forest biomass, with supply-side actions dominating in terms of both variety and scale. Developed countries such as Europe, America, Japan and New Zealand emphasize policy support for management and demand-side measures, while China remains focused on protection and restoration measures characterized by large-scale ecological programs, offering significant carbon enhancement potential in management and demand-side measures. China leads the world in carbon sequestration project development. It is, however, challenged in methodological deficiency, high project risk and ensuing management costs, and lack of systematic policy support. This paper proposes policy recommendations to enhance China's ecological carbon sink contribution, including expanding enhancement pathways, increasing policy support for management and demand-side measures, and improving the methodology and development technology of ecosystem carbon sink projects.
Keywords: Ecosystem Carbon Sinks; Nature-based Solutions; Carbon Market; Climate Change
